Major clinical research advances in gynecologic cancer in 2015 / 부인종양

In 2015, fourteen topics were selected as major research advances in gynecologic oncology. For ovarian cancer, high-level evidence for annual screening with multimodal strategy which could reduce ovarian cancer deaths was reported. The best preventive strategies with current status of evidence level were also summarized. Final report of chemotherapy or upfront surgery (CHORUS) trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced stage ovarian cancer and individualized therapy based on gene characteristics followed. There was no sign of abating in great interest in immunotherapy as well as targeted therapies in various gynecologic cancers. The fifth Ovarian Cancer Consensus Conference which was held in November 7–9 in Tokyo was briefly introduced. For cervical cancer, update of human papillomavirus vaccines regarding two-dose regimen, 9-valent vaccine, and therapeutic vaccine was reviewed. For corpus cancer, the safety concern of power morcellation in presumed fibroids was explored again with regard to age and prevalence of corpus malignancy. Hormone therapy and endometrial cancer risk, trabectedin as an option for leiomyosarcoma, endometrial cancer and Lynch syndrome, and the radiation therapy guidelines were also discussed. In addition, adjuvant therapy in vulvar cancer and the updated of targeted therapy in gynecologic cancer were addressed. For breast cancer, palbociclib in hormone-receptor-positive advanced disease, oncotype DX Recurrence Score in low-risk patients, regional nodal irradiation to internal mammary, supraclavicular, and axillary lymph nodes, and cavity shave margins were summarized as the last topics covered in this review.

The molecular fingerprint of human papillomavirus infection and its effect on the Langerhans cell population in squamous cell carcinomas of the genital skin.

Background: Information is scarce about the presence of molecular alterations related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in squamous cell carcinomas of the genital skin and about the effect of this infection in the number of Langerhans cells present in these tumors. Aims: To determine the presence of HPV in genital skin squamous cell carcinomas and to see the relationship between HPV infection and changes in the expression of Ki-67 antigen (Ki-67), p53 protein (p53), retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and E-cadherin and to alterations in Langerhans cell density, if any. Methods: A descriptive, comparative, retrospective and cross-sectional study was performed with all the cases diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas of the genital skin at the Dermatopathology Service from 2001 to 2011. The diagnosis was verified by histopathological examination. The presence of HPV was examined using chromogenic in situ hybridization, and protein expression was studied via immunohistochemical analysis. Results: The 34 cases studied were verified as squamous cell carcinomas and 44.1% were HPV positive. The degree of expression of pRb was 17.50% ±14.11% (mean ± SD) in HPV-positive cases and 29.74% ±20.38% in HPV-negative cases (P = 0.0236). The degree of expression of Ki-67 was 47.67% ±30.64% in HPV-positive cases and 29.87% ±15.95% in HPV-negative cases (P = 0.0273). Conclusion: HPV infection was related to lower pRb expression and higher Ki-67 expression in comparison with HPV negative samples. We could not find a relationship between HPV infection and the degree of expression of p53 and E-cadherin or with Langerhans cell density.

Biologia molecular das neoplasias ginecológicas: aspectos genéticos: parte II / Molecular biology in gynecological neoplasms: genetic aspects: part II

No presente estudo, são analisadas as possíveis características genéticas que influenciam para o surgimento e o desenvolvimento de diversas neoplasias ginecológicas nos diversos sítios do aparelho genital feminino.

The present study analyses the possible genetic characteristics which influence the onset and development of gynecological neoplasias in diferent parts of the female genital system.

Biologia molecular: aspectos básicos da genética: parte I / Molecular biology: genetic basic aspects: part I

A presente revisão pretende analisar os mais recentes métodos existentes na Biologia molecular-genética médica, com direcionamento quanto à detecção e ao acompanhamento das diferentes neoplasias ginecológicas. Inicialmente, neste estudo serão discutidos os aspectos básicos e as características celulares importantes, as diversas fases celulares e os métodos de análise existentes para avaliação dos cromossomos e dos genes. São revistos os mais importantes fatores oncogênicos responsáveis pela carcinogênese, bem como a ação dos oncogenes e dos genes supressores dos tumores.

This review intends to analyze the latest existing methods in Molecular Biology-Medical genetics, focusing on the detection and tracking of different gynecological neoplasias. This study will initially discusses basic aspects and important cellular characteristics, as well as the different cellular phases and existing analytical methods for the study of chromosomes and genes. It also reviews the most important oncogenic factors which are responsible for carcinogenesis, as well as the action of oncogenes and tumor-supressing factors.

Envejecimiento y cáncer ginecológico / Aging and gynecologic cancer

Se destaca la relación entre el cáncer y el envejecimiento en la mujer, en su aumentada incidencia, en los diferentes aspectos moleculares que la sustentan y las características biológicas propias de los distintos carcinomas y aquellas vinculadas al avance de la edad en la mujer huésped.

The interrelation between cancer and ageing in women is emphasized. on its increased incidence. in their molecular background, into the particular biological characteristics of the different tumors and the effects of ageing in the affected women.

Infection of human papillomavirus [HPV] and p53 over-expression in human female genital tract carcinoma

Inactivation of p53 gene products either by mutation or by complex formation with E6 oncoprotein encoded by high risk HPV appears to be a common event in cervical carcinogenesis. This study was designed to clarify this association in 41 primary cervical, 15 endometrial, 3 ovarian and one rectal carcinomas. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed presence of high risk HPV in 36[88%] cervical, 5 [33%] endometrial and none of ovarian and rectal carcinomas. HPV 16 was found in 14 cervical carcinomas, HPV 18 in 19 cervical and 2 endometrial carcinomas and HPV 33 in 28 cervical and 5 endometrial carcinomas. Expression of tumor suppressor protein p53 by using polyclonal antibody CM-I, was detected in 28 [68%]cervical, 7[47%] endometrial, 2 [66%] ovarian and one [100%] rectal carcinoma. Twenty six cervical and 3 endometrial carcinoma cases were positive for both high risk HPV and p53. We conclude that beside cervical carcinoma HPV infection is not uncommon in endometrial carcinoma and in our experimental design there is no inverse correlation between HPV infection and p53 over-expression in a variety of the tumors analysed in the present study